Did Jesus Really Die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Did Jesus Really Die - Essay Example â€Å"That Jesus truly kicked the bucket on the cross should be set up for different reasons. In the event that Jesus didn't dieâ€which is a vital introduction to rising physicallyâ€there can be no pardoning of sins and unceasing life for all who put stock in Him† (Rom. 6:1â€23; 1 Cor. 15:12â€23 refered to particle Miller, p.209). The inquiry is the means by which we could clarify the unfilled burial place. Book of scriptures vouches for this reality and we don't have any explanation not to trust it. The clarification expressing that the companions of Jesus took his body and got it to a sheltered spot request to shield from shock is fairly persuading. An unfilled burial chamber is certainly not a proof of the substantial restoration. Be that as it may, Miller questions that â€Å"Besides, this hypothesis is loaded with issues. Could the followers have overwhelmed Roman watches and taken the body? No way. Only hours prior, they were completely frightened and relinq uished Jesus; and the most dauntless, Peter, got dreadful and denied Him three, what's more, how could the watchmen realize who took the body since they were sleeping?† (Miller, p 19). It is conceivable to express that the restoration of physical body doesn't relate to the Laws of Creation (Knight, 2001). These Laws are reflected in great and unchangeable Will of God. Everything occurs in the system of these laws regardless of whether they are not totally concentrated by the science. Consequently, we talk about the fix of an ailment as about a wonder simply because we still can’t distinguish the laws, which are the premise of this occasion. Science isn't not exactly the endeavor to comprehend the Laws of God and use them. Religion and science ought to be joined together, they ought not negate one another. In any case, there are the realities about the life of Christ-like â€Å"The Immaculate Conception† or â€Å"the real revival of Christ†, which don't compare to the Laws of Creation and, accordingly, need reconsideration.â

Wk6 Forum INTL304 HUMINT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk6 Forum INTL304 HUMINT - Coursework Example Hungarian evacuees were a decent insight focus since they were youthful and instructed. The article takes note of that handling, resettlement systems, and the bureaucratic government’s sees on knowledge misuse characterized the techniques for gathering data for this situation (Coriden 2011, 1). Evidently, a few exiles were happy to offer insight to western powers in return of better treatment and to show their nationalism. In this unique situation, the insight network delineated a high level of devotion (Coriden 2011, 1). By the by, the knowledge network experienced the test of abusing the Hungarians regardless of building up that most Hungarians crossed the fringe to look for asylum in the Free World (Coriden 2011, 1). The article takes note of that the capacity of the knowledge network to order and review heaps of data helped in filling significant holes in insight data (Coriden 2011, 1). From the article, I discover that knowledge operators or officials must comprehend the attributes of human instinct that incorporate feelings, aims and inspirations of individuals. I likewise discovered that a youthful and instructed populace is a decent knowledge target. Furthermore, the insight network should function as a group since human knowledge can help in creating and keeping up outside and national security. I found out about the requirement for compelling techniques for gathering data. Commitment and polished methodology are significant angles in human insight. In addition, the knowledge network should point assembling the data at the very least expense and with most extreme regard for the guidelines of human direct. Coriden, Guy. 2011. Report On Hungarian Refugees. Focal Intelligence Agency, Aug 03. https://www.cia.gov/library/community for-the-investigation of-insight/kent-csi/vol2no1/html/v02i1a07p_0001.htm (got to February 12,

Sloan MBA Adetayo Akisanya works at Volaris, a Mexican airline, on their Commercial Strategy team

Sloan MBA Adetayo Akisanya works at Volaris, a Mexican airline, on their Commercial Strategy team MAJOR Sloan MBA candidate LOCATION Mexico City MISTI PROGRAM MIT-Mexico MISTI HOST Volaris Read other MISTI Notes from the Field To me, this was all personal challenge. I thought I was a good manager, and wanted to give it a try in a highly competitive industry with ultra-low margins. It would be easier to come up with a list of things I didnt learn! Volaris From the minute he walked through the doors of Volaris Samara offices, Tayo, MIT Sloan MBA 14, was reminded that he was at one of Latin Americas youngest, fastest growing, and most successful airlines. There were planes hanging from the ceiling. Meeting tables were airplane tires stacked on top of each other and covered in glass. Meeting seats were actual airplane seats taken from cabins of old planes. Medicine balls everywhere. The message was clear Volaris believes in hard work, collaboration, and fun. All were elements of Tayos main project, Dynamic Currency Conversion, a system that allows international customers to pay with their native debit or credit cards. The technology transfers the 3% + currently charged to cardholders by Visa and MasterCard for currency conversion to Volaris. In return the consumer gets transparency and convenience. For a low cost airline, every extra cent of profit counts. Managers told me DCC would add at most 1.5% to the bottom line. There was a lot of skepticism. The project required that Tayo research the top DCC providers in the world. He took calls from vendors in Brazil, Ireland, the US, and Mexico. The best part was my model projecting Volaris earnings for the next 8 years. For airlines, that means forecasting plane purchases, demand for new routes, load factor per route, max willingness to pay for tickets and luggagea lot of forecasting based on data and calculated assumption. There was also analysis on card purchases made on Volaris channels. Turns out there is enormous earning potential from DCC at Volaris. Were talking maybe 3% to the bottom line. Read other MISTI Notes from the Field

Essay on Causes of Unemployment - 881 Words

The unemployment rate slowly started getting worse and it may have hit all time lows. With unemployment rates soaring the causes of this are from aging, teenagers, and outsourcing even though some refute with saying it is self inflicted. One of the things that cause unemployment to keep increasing is the age of people. Seeing as there is almost no family not affected by this great recession, there must have been a cause. â€Å"You are aging as you are not employed, and nobody is looking to hire somebody who is old,† (Aaronson, pg. 6). When older people are laid off they keep aging and there are young kids coming out of college looking for the same job. Every single year more and more kids are graduating from college with degrees and the†¦show more content†¦Since, they are in school; it is very hard to have a job with the amount of credit hours that kids will be taking. These kids also don’t have a degree just yet and they are trying to compete for the same jobs as adults that have experience in the field and also have a degree from college already. â€Å"Youth unemployment may have hit bottom and could increase in coming months and years,† (Miller, 4th paragraph). The reason that the yo uth unemployment could be going up in the future is because the old adult percentage of people working is going down and they are starting to hire more teens and young adults. This is helpful to help hire more of the younger population but, this does not solve overall unemployment. The reason that there is a high unemployment rate is because some of the work is leaving the country. This is the act that is called outsourcing. â€Å"China is expanding,† (Long terms, pg. 10). With China expanding it gives the U.S. more of a chance that they give their work to China or a different country. The reason that we give our work away to other countries is because other countries such as China can complete the work for almost half of the cost and sometimes even cheaper than that. â€Å"Overall economy is shrinking,† (Aaronson, pg. 3). This is what happens when outsourcing is happening. As long as outsourcing is happening our U.S. economy only has one thing to do and that is to shrink. The reason that it is shrinking is because businesses large and small areShow MoreRelatedCauses of Unemployment1070 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of Unemployment In Malaysia, the unemployment rate is considered low compared to the early years such as 1986 where the unemployment rate reached as high as 7.6%. Today the unemployment rate is still affected by many factors and in order to make sure it doesn’t reach as high as before, we need to find out the causes of unemployment so that we can provide a solution to the cause of it. Foreign labor force with lower wage or salary Redundant workers and fresh graduates with qualificationsRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Unemployment1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Causes and Effects of Unemployment Travis Epling Strayer University ENG 105 Jeanette Trammel 9/14/14 Causes and Effects of Unemployment There are many reasons for unemployment in the United States and around the world. Some of these causes are created by the individual and others are out of their control. No matter what the cause for unemployment, it has a devastating effect on the individual, family, and economy. Unemployment defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica is the conditionRead MoreCauses Of Unemployment In Australia1149 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyse the causes of unemployment, its effects on the Australian economy and how they are addressed through use of macroeconomic policies. Unemployment refers to when an individual is actively seeking work and is aged 15 years or over, but is unable to find work (not hired). There are many causes and effects of unemployment that result in different actions being made by the Australian government through their use of both monetary policy as well as fiscal policy. The unemployment rate is calculatedRead MoreCauses Of Unemployment Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesUnemployment is one the major economic problems which are affecting most of the countries in the world especially the developing countries. Unemployment is a phenomenon where a person is actively searching for employment, but they are unable to find it. There are two immediate factors causing unemployment, which include voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Voluntary unemployment majorly arises as a result of an individual leaving the current job to search for another work. This unemployment mayRead MoreCauses Of Unemployment In Nigeria1482 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Unemployment describes the condition of the people without jobs. It is a global trend that mostly occurs in developing countries of the world which not only affects them socially but psychologically. Nigeria economy since the attainment of political independence in 1960 has undergone fundamental structural changes. The Nigerian economy relatively grew in the greater parts of the 1970’s with the respect to the oil boom. The outrageous profits from the oil boomRead MoreCauses and Effects of Unemployment2314 Words   |  10 PagesCauses and Effects of Unemployment Unemployment defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica is the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but is unable to find any work. In addition, to define a person as unemployed, the person must be an active member of the labor force in search of work. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) There are three different types of unemployment: frictional, structural, and cyclical. Due to various causes in the economy, there will always be a certainRead MoreTaking a Look at the Causes of Unemployment780 Words   |  3 Pages The causes of unemployment fall into board categories: equilibrium unemployment and disequilibrium unemployment. Disequilibrium unemployment 26.3 Shows the aggregate demand for labor and the aggregate supply of labor. That is, the total demand and supply of labor in the whole economy. The real average wage rate is plotted on the vertical axes. This is the average rate expressed in terms of its purchasing power. in other words after taking inflation into account. The aggregate supply of laborRead MoreEssay on Unemployment Cause and Effect705 Words   |  3 PagesUnemployment – Causes I am going to offer my theory as to the real cause of unemployment, for every cause there is an effect. The process of cause and effect.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s hard to live a normal healthy life without a job and money. There are many reasons why people are unemployed, but in turn this state of unemployment can cause one to experience financial, emotional, and personal problems.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The most common causes of unemployment are getting fired and laid off for specific reasonsRead MoreCauses Of Unemployment And Its Effect On The Economy2406 Words   |  10 PagesEmpirical research aims to decompose causes of unemployment into those that changed equilibrium and those that caused demand-deficient unemployment. A potential explanation of a rise in the equilibrium unemployment is a rise in the generosity of unemployment benefit relative to wages in work. Therefore people spend longer periods of time unemployed in search for the ‘right’ job, thus leading to a rise in equilibrium unemployment. (Begg, 2008, p. 530) In economics, the neoclassical view is that theRead MoreCauses and Consequences of Youth Unemployment2456 Words   |  10 Pages1.0 Introduction Youth unemployment, the number of young people out of work, defined as those aged 18-24 and is measure at a point in time. However, the level of youth unemployment will change over time. Youth unemployment in an economy with a given labour force will increase if the number of workers gaining jobs is less than the number of people losing their jobs. Youth unemployment is a great challenge and priority for the Manchester city over a number of years. Over recent decades, government

Video Games And Violent Violence Essay - 1630 Words

Video games are one of America’s most beloved pastimes, especially when it comes to teenagers. A whopping 97% of teenagers play video games, as opposed to only about 40% participate in sports. (http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/Horizons/2008/0916/by-the-numbers-teens-and-video-games http://www.aspenprojectplay.org/the-facts.) This high percentage is still growing. Teens devotion for video games is becoming more and more popular, especially as more games of all different genres are becoming available. One of these video game genres in particular has created a chain reaction of scientific studies involving fistfights all the way to mass shootings. This genre is violent video games. Over the years and continuing through present day, video games have increased in violence, becoming a topic that has recently exploded the media, especially when the violence in these games is linked to violence in real life. Violence in video games can motivate teenagers to be violent in their daily lives because of the use of an avatar, reward and punishment, and gaming situations that are unsettlingly realistic. At the beginning of almost every video game, the player is asked to pick an avatar. This animated avatar becomes the teens mirror image, the flesh being pixels and the blood static. Some game’s avatars can get so realistic it’s scary. The video game NBA 2K15, uses a camera to take a photo of the player and then mutilates the face. Avatars may act and look like the player, but theyShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 Pageseven specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologist, SchoolsRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Violent Video Games1626 Words   |  7 PagesDavis English III 27 March 2015 Video Game Violence Violent video games have been being created since the first console. Yet only recently have we been blaming them for aggression in the player. We as humans have a tendency to blame our violent behavior on other things rather thin ourselves. Now aggression is being defined in many ways in this situation but mainly people point to the anger that’s brought out in the real world after the game or maybe it’s the gamers’ tendency to haveRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Violent Video Games2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The issue of video game violence seems to be a hot topic right now after several shootings have occurred and made a connection to the shooters being video gamers. In looking at past research it is apparent that there seems to large amounts of research that contradict one work to another. Although I would have been interested in conducting a poll of the publics opinion regarding the use of violent video games and their connection to mass shootings I was not able to conduct the researchRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence855 Words   |  4 Pagesof violence in the popular media influencing a young generation to violence has been hotly debated. Since the introduction of violent video games in the 1970’s, for example, the shooting games Empire and Maze War from 1973, people have noticed that violent video games induce violent behavior in players, especially in teenage males. Despite people seeing the negative influence of violent media earlier as well, only in the last two decades has video game violence come to the forefront as video gameRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1203 Words   |  5 PagesAre violent video games directly correlated to teen violence? This is the burning question many researchers are dedicated to answering. The common form of the question is â€Å"Is the increase in violence in games creating killer kids?† The simple answer is no. Instead the opposite has occurred, as games became more violent, the players became calmer. The games create a â€Å"safe† outlet for any anger or angst that young people possess. Crime rates in the teen population have lowered and violent teens admitRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe unclear motives of the people behind such destructive behaviour. Unfortunately, many individuals have jumped to rash conclusions regarding the causes of such events by linking violent video games with violence in the youth population. Even more discerning individ uals have also criticized the role of violent video games in encouraging people to become mass murderers. With these opinions gaining popularity in the mass media, it has become the predominant belief of society to explain why there areRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence : Cause Of Violence And Video Games1377 Words   |  6 PagesLit. 27 November 2017 The Blame Game Statistically, 2017 has become the year with second lowest crimes rates since 1990, assuming there isn’t a big resurgence in violent crime between now and the end of the year (Bump). However, violent crimes continue to be a problem in modern-day America. Many have sought out to find out the root of these crimes and what causes them, and as a result, many different things have been cited as a cause for violence. Violent video games are said to be a possible sourceRead MoreVideo Game Violence : The Cause Of Violent Video Games1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on the Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, researchersRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence843 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games have been around for half a century when, the first simple tennis game was designed by William Higinbotham in 1958. Since then, video games have gotten more in depth, with better graphics and more options which include violent video games. Violent videos have gotten more popular with a better amount of variety including the franchise of Call of Duty, Battlefield, and Grand Theft Auto. These are the most common and popular video games and because of the violence in them debate has startedRead MoreMedia Violence And Violent Video Games807 Words   |  4 PagesMedia violence has been tremendously growing and attaining the hazardous extents. Two-thirds of TV shows contain some kind of violence. Most self-involving video games contain some violent matter in it. For example, if you manufacture guns, you do not need to give any advertisement, because it is done by the amusement industry. Aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, hallucinations, and fear of being mishandled were caused by the media violence, was explained in a 2009 Policy Statement

Merck’s Risky Bet on Research Free Essays

While Kenneth Frazier worked liability suits for Merck, he caught the company’s attention and they hired him in 1992. By 1999 Frazier was appointed Merck’s general counsel. Merck saw that Frazier had several good personality traits and values that would benefit their organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Merck’s Risky Bet on Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kenneth Frazier is a very hard-working man and has been taught not to fail and to push himself to excellence. Frazier has always pushed himself to always do better, he has never just settled. Frazier likes to take risks to see how far he can push himself and to see what he can accomplish. Frazier has a very high self-esteem and a need for achievement. Under the five big personality traits, Frazier best fits under openness to experience. He is willing to take risks and is daring and open minded. I believe one of the most important terminal values to Frazier is a sense of accomplishment. Even though, there are several terminal values that I believe are important to Frazier, I feel this is the most important. Frazier lost his mother at a very young age and was raised by his hard-working father. His father taught him to work equally as hard and to always strive for excellence. Frazier believes that at work he should never back down and always strive for more, and that you must work hard to accomplish everything you want. This especially showed when Merck found their drug Vioxx was doubling the risk of heart attach and strokes and Frazier fought each case instead of taking the easy way out and negotiating settlements. Frazier won 11 of the 16 cases. Frazier was determined to win and he did. Frazier gets pleasure from achieving his goals and enjoys the social recognition that he gets by winning his cases. Instrumental values are just as important as terminal values. The most instrumental value that stands out in Frazier is his ambition. Frazier is not only hard working but understands what it takes to achieve his goals. A few of the other instrumental values that I feel are important to Frazier are being responsible, polite, and daring. Working as a litigator or in management you will not always be liked. At times people will go against you and not agree with what you are doing. Frazier is daring as he goes against others but when he must go against others he does it respectfully and politely so he can get others to take his side and agree with him. Frazier has some very important personality traits that will help him influence Merck’s culture in his role as CEO. Frazier’s openness to experience gives him the ability to have an open mind and the ability to take risk that will allow him to move the company forward. Frazier also has the ability as CEO to mentor other managers to achieve the company’s goals. After watching Frazier handle some of Merck’s liability suites, the company decided that Frazier would be a valuable asset. Merck could see that Frazier had some very important personality traits that could benefit their company. How to cite Merck’s Risky Bet on Research, Papers

Marketing Segmentation free essay sample

A relatively small firm should use market segmentation to find a  niche  in the marketplace because it is realistically impossible for a small firm to compete against a much bigger firm in marketing the similar product. For example, magine the difficulties in developing a new brand of cola and competing against Coke and Pepsi. So by finding a small niche in the marketplace, it’ll be a much more successful approach. For example, this is what Snapple and Tom’s Of Maine toothpaste did. `Market Segmentation and Targeting’ (Journal of Internet Commerce, 2007,  6(1), 83-99. `Weinstein(2004, 3) claimed that’ the overall purpose of using market segmentation is to improve a company’s competitive positon and better serve the needs of the customers. Other objectives of market segmentation includes increasing sales, improved market share and also to enhanced the image and reputation of the business. On top of that, market segmentation can also help businesses to Differentiate your products and services to meet your customer needs and desire, find hidden needs and make improvements to your existing products, Target your marketing mix to the customers most likely to ant your products or services,  Identify behaviors and buying motives for your products,  Identify your most and least profitable customers,   Help you avoid unprofitable markets and   Increase brand loyalty and decrease brand switching. `Market’ segmentation services’ (Goldberg, 2008). There is no single way segment a market. A marketer has to try to different segmentation variables , alone and in combination to find the best way to view the market structure. There are three type of variables that marketers look at when they segment the market. Variables such as geographic, demographic, pyschographic and behavioral variables. Geographic segmentations calls for dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, regions, province, parishes, cities, or even neighborhoods. Depending on its budget, a company may decide to operate in one or a few geographical areas or to operate in all areas but pay attention to geographical differences in needs and wants. The other segmentation variable that marketers look at is demographic segmentation. Demographic segmentation is when company divides the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation and nationality. These different criteria’s differentiates the needs and wants from each individual consumer. Other than that, companies also look at psychographic segmentation. Psychographic segmentation divides buyers into different group based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics. Last but not least, behavioural segmentation divides consumers into group based on consumer knowledge, attitudes, uses, or the responses to a product. (Kotler and Armstrong 2010, 216). 2. 0 Target market identification. The primary target for this report would be Beyonce Giselle Knowless, known as Beyonce internationally. Beyonce is an actress, model and a renown ramp;b artist. Beyonce first started her recording career with 2 other female artist, Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams in a group called `destiny child’ and later on went solo in the year 2000. As someone who is fond of fashion, Knowles combines its artistic elements with her music videos and performances; she uses different styles and tries to harmonize it with the music while performing. Beyonce is one of the most influential star icons in this century without a doubt. Just like many others, Beyonce divides her fans into groups based on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural traits. 2. 1 Geographical traits Geographic segmentation is important for Beyonce and the line of work that she is in. Having said, the intended audience for a given product is divided according to geographic units, such as nations, states, regions, counties, cities, or neighborhoods to fit the needs of individual geographic areas, localizing the products, advertising, and sales effort to geographic differences in needs and wants. Marketers will also study the population density or regional climate as factors of geographic segmentation. This is why Beyonce only have her tours and concerts in specific states and not the entire country. When she had her 2009 tour in Australia, she only performed in several states such as Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth. (Liveguide, 2009). 2. 2 Demographic Traits. The line of work that Beyonce is in, demographic segmentation will most probably be her priority in segmenting her customer groups. This is because consumer needs, wants and usage often vary closely with demographics variables. (Kotler and Armstrong 2010, 218). Majority of Beyonce’s target group are age from 17 – 34. Next, most of Beyonce targeted group are in high school, post graduates and graduates. Although Beyonce’s music is suitable for both male and female, however 54% of her fans are female and 46% are males. An estimated 54% of her fans have no children while the rest of the 46% has. In addition, Beyonce’s target market group consists of several nationalities. The majority of them are American- Africans while the rest are Asians, Australians and Americans. Majority of her fans are less affluent as compare to others because most of her fans are not at the age where they earn a lot of money or still studying. An estimated 33% of her fans earns between 30-60 thousand Usd per annum. Quantcast audience profile 2010) 2. 3 Psychographic Traits. Psychographic segmentation consists of traits such as social class, the lifestyle and personality. Relating to the primary target Beyonce, majority of her target group falls under the three category of the social class trait. Majority of them are in lower lowers, upper lowers and a minority of them are in the working class. M arketers often segment their markets by consumer lifestyles and base their marketing strategies on the lifestyles appeal. For Beyonce, majority of her target group are teenagers and pop lifestyle is the sort of lifestyle that Beyonce target. As for personality traits, due to the wide range of personality that this world has, Beyonce’s music usually targets female with a much sensitive and emotional personality. 2. 4 Behavioral Traits. Behavioral segmentation is about dividing buyers based on their knowledge, attitudes , uses and responses to a product. Markets can be also segmented into usage rates , readiness stage and overall attitude towards the brand. For Beyonce, this is a important trait to look at because by understanding this traits, Beyonce will then be able to produce songs and product that serves the needs and wants of the consumers. On top of that, Beyonce can then produce her products based on usage rates of her consumer, user status and loyalty status. By understanding these traits, it’ll help Beyonce save production cost and generate even more profit. 3. 0 Discussion/ rationale of the target market collage. The market place for Beyonce is massive because everything revolves around her industry which is media entertainments. The collage illustrates the target market group for Beyonce. It clearly shows the multidimensional approach that Beyonce has considered in segmenting the market for her business. With geographic segmentation, Beyonce has travel a lot of places to promote new release albums and to enhance her popularity. She has been almost all over Europe and in recent years, she had her tour in few of the major cities in Australia. States such as Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, and Perth to promote her â€Å"The Beyonce Experience Tour†. (liveguide, 2009). After having seen, it’s obvious that Beyonce’s popularity only exist in couple of the major states in Australia. However, by touring and performing live concerts will definitely enhanced her popularity in Australia. The majority of Beyonce fans are teenagers but there are adults that adore her as well. The age group that listens to Beyonce’s music starts from the tender age of 15. Most of Beyonce’s fans are female and only a handful of them are males. Beyonce music attracts all sorts of race and nationality in this world but the majority o her fan bases are American- Africans. As we know, Beyonce is world renowned `POP’ amp; `RnB’ musician, therefore the colors that she uses in her advertisements, the color of her dress in her videos and so on represents the approach and the image that she trying to give to society. Majority of Beyonce fans are teenagers that still adores dancing, mingling and partying. However, some of her fans relate their personal emotions and issues with Beyonce’s music. By knowing her targeted group, Beyonce generically write music that she knows her fans can and will listen too. With this knowledge and talent, Beyonce then concentrate in producing her music depending to wants and needs of the consumer in different times. For example, Beyonce would produce Christmas songs during Christmas season. The genre of Beyonce’s music also influence greatly on which market group she attracts and targets. Most of the consumers that listens and purchases her music are usually RnB , Pop, and sentimental song lovers. Because Beyonce is so influential with her looks and music, many people tends to follow the way she dresses and looks. With this, unlimited business potential arises for Beyonce. She has clothing lines that belongs to her, perfumes and many more product that majority of her target group which are females would purchase.

Heart Of Dark Essays - Joseph Conrad, Congo Free State,

Heart Of Dark In Joseph Conrad's book Heart of Darkness the Europeans are cut off from civilization, overtaken by greed, exploitation, and material interests from his own kind. Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. The book is a record of things seen and done by Conrad while in the Belgian Congo. Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. Conrad's voyages to the Atlantic and Pacific, and the coasts of Seas of the East brought contrasts of novelty and exotic discovery. By the time Conrad took his harrowing journey into the Congo in 1890, reality had become unconditional. The African venture figured as his descent into hell. He returned ravaged by the illness and mental disruption which undermined his health for the rem aining years of his life. Marlow's journey into the Congo, like Conrad's journey, was also meaningful. Marlow experienced the violent threat of nature, the insensibility of reality, and the moral darkness. We have noticed that important motives in Heart of Darkness connect the white men with the Africans. Conrad knew that the white men who come to Africa professing to bring progress and light to darkest Africa have themselves been deprived of the sanctions of their European social orders; they also have been alienated from the old tribal ways. Thrown upon their own inner spiritual

broken spears essays

broken spears essays Around 1519, a Spaniard by the name of Hernan Cortes sailed to what we now know as modern day Mexico. Diego Velazques, governor of Cuba, instructed Cortes to make contact with the New World. What was supposed to be an innocent journey of exploration and trading, became a horrific genocide of the Aztecs of the New World. Cortes was a violent, manipulative, and a greedy man. To give you an idea of the violence Cortes and his men were capable of committing, I would like to relate a passage of a Nahautl account, from the book by Miguel Leon-Portilla, Broken Spears: They ran in among the dancers, forcing their way to where the drums played. They attacked the man who was drumming and cut off his arms. Then they cut off his head, and it rolled across the floor. They attacked all the celebrants, stabbing them, spearing them, striking them with their swords. They attacked some of the from behind, and these fell instantly to the ground with their entrails hanging out. Others they beheaded: they cut off their heads, or split their heads to pieces. They struck others in the shoulders, and their arms were torn from their bodies. They wounded some in the thigh and some in the calf. They slashed others in the abdomen, and their entrails all spilled to the ground. Some attempted to run away but their intestines dragged as they ran; they seemed to tangle their feet in their own entrails. (xxvi) The previous passage took place during the Fiesta of Toxcatl. Although Cortes was not present at this time, I believe the actions of his men were a direct reflection of Cortes thirst for violence. I also came across different parts in the book where it described how Cortes and the Spaniards would hang, torture, and feed people to their dogs. Cortes was also involved in the killing of unarmed people in Cholula. Cortes would use any means necessary to conquer the Aztecs and rob them of their gold. Cortes most likely was a viol ...

Poem To Elsie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poem To Elsie - Essay Example The diction is often general and seemingly flaccid; "devil-may-care men who have taken / to railroading / out of sheer lust of adventure," or "young slatterns, bathed / in filth." Its major focus is the speaker himself, who sums up in swift, passionate, and broken utterance the human condition in which he participates. (Axelrod, Roman, Travisano, 86-87) Along the texture of the development of the poem the gradual ascendancy evokes enlightened pastures when it says "some doctor's family, some Elsie/voluptuous water/expressing with broken/brain the truth about us/her great ungainly hips and flipping breasts/addressed to cheap /jewelry/and rich young men with fine eyes/ as if the earth under our feet/were/an excrement of some sky", the poem describes Elsie's body and alert us that the female body linked to the hierarchies of the country, the class and the gender in the culture. (Axelrod, Roman, Travisano, 86-87) Like most of William Carlos Williams's poems 'To Elsie' is revealed in a formation of translucent transparency which in retrospect is represented in the most punctual truthfulness to the point of honesty. In this context it should be remembered that the Williams poems are uniquely honest towards itself and they reveal everything that is possibly expressible though words. This honesty in words is deeply felt when Williams narrates in the last lines of the poem almost in a circumstantial detached mood. "It is only in isolate flecks that / something / is given off / No one / to witness / and adjust, no one to drive the car. (Axelrod, Roman, Travisano, 87) It is so evident in these lines that the poet is viewing the whole scenario as a circumspect manner with a mood of watching the whole expressions as a passive watcher. Going through the lines of the poem 'To Elisie' I was able to feel the pain of the poet is transmitted into the readers' mind through a contour of expressions expressed not only in an honest but in an extremely informative manner. This is because the poet is willing to take himself away from the present scenario as if as a mode of protest against the then present situation which was far from his socialist sense of utopia. (Matterson, 29) This formation of the poem and the way it builds up from a rather unemotional scenario into words describing the common plight as Americans, at least the America of his time reflects the psyche of the poet time and again throughout the poem with such line that says "as if the earth under our feet/were/an excrement of some sky". It could be found that these are the things which destroy the American dream of the poet's time. Until he can force his imagination to take account of and establish his contact with his own, local, instead of letting himself strain after the other where of "deer / going by fields of goldenrod," until such a time, the American is doomed to go crazy. (Axelrod, Roman, Travisano, 86-87) Structurally speaking, I felt the form is directly derived from the optimistic philosophy of the life itself thereby placing the entire poem in a simplistic format that blends flawlessly with the apparent simplicity of the poem. To me, theoretically, Williams's poems are placed in the other side of the coin that is used by the poets like T.S.

Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Great Depression - Essay Example Many dynamics factored into bringing about the Great Depression but there were two central contributing causes. The first of these was that the wealth of the nation was unevenly distributed. A middle class, as we would define it today, did not exist. The country was literally divided between the ‘haves and the have nots.’ Some very few people had enormous wealth and power while a much greater number of the population consisted of those struggling to pay the bills each month. This condition established an unstable economy requiring only a small thing to send it off the tracks. This condition then combined with inflated speculations among the majority of stock market investors much like what has occurred recently in the marketplace. â€Å"The excessive speculation in the late 1920’s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the mal-distribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize† (Hicks, 1960 p. 110). The effects of the Great Depression were many and widespread. Banks were not federally mandated to insure depositors at this time. Therefore when the hundreds of banks suddenly failed, millions of people lost their life savings. Immediately following the bank failures, many factories were forced to close and all types and sizes of businesses dissolved leaving many workers without jobs or money in the bank. Many businesses and financial institutions failed. The businesses that stayed open were barely making enough to remain operational. The tax base fell suddenly which affected local governments, many of which could not continue to conduct some city services at a normal capacity. The price of farm products also fell sharply and the mass foreclosures of family farms soon followed causing bloody clashes between the owners and the bank representatives. Of those who were able to hold on to

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay

Effect Of Vibration On Solder Joint Reliability Engineering Essay CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION SOLDER JOINT IN ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES Circuit boards range from simple single moulded plastic boards with copper conductors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with copper conductors, each layer being separated by a dielectric and interconnected by metal conductors. Minimum line width and spacing between lines is less than 100  µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with layered sheets of woven fibreglass. The dielectric material between layers of conductors is usually a polymer, for example polyimide. To maintain solder ability, the exposed copper may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder overcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be further protected against moisture, contamination, and mechanical damage by a cover coat. 1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURE Solder joints are widely used in the electronic packaging industry to produce good electrical, thermal, and mechanical connections between the package and the printed circuit board. Eighty percentage of the mechanical failure in airborne and automation electronic caused by vibration and shock. Design appropriate measure to ensure the survival equipment in the shock and vibration environment is necessary to do so. Remaining 20 percentage of mechanical failure related to thermal stresses resulting from high thermal gradients, coefficient of thermal expansion and high coefficient of elasticity. Solder joint failure occur in several reasons: Poor design of the solder joint A bad solder joint treatment Solder material Excessive stress applied to solder joints. In general, however, the solder joint failure are simply ranked according to the ature of stress that have caused. Most joint failure fall into three major categories: Fatigue failure due to cyclic stress application Due to the implementation of a long term or permanent load The stress is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile also has a significant role on solder joint reliablity. because It also has a high influence micro structure of the solder joint. Vibration failure of solder joints is often assessed for reliability using high accelerated life test, which is represented by a GRMS- time curve. For surface mount microelectronic components, an approximation of printed circuit board (PCB) model analysis can be made by assuming PCB as a bare unpopulated thin plate because the increase in stiffness of PCB due to the mounting of the components is approximately offset by the increase in total mass of the populated PCB [2]. However, this approximation can lead to errors in natural frequency prediction for different package profiles, for flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) and plastic-ball-grid-array (PBGA) assemblies [3,4]. When the component has small profile, the approximation of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can provide satisfactory modal analysis results because the stiffness and mass contribution of small component to PCB assembly is not significant. In this study, varying G-level random vibration tests for PCB assembly were conducted. In order to assess the reliability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to conduct the dynamic analysis. A global-local modeling approach [4-6] was used. The analyses by Basaran [7,8], Chandaroy [9] and Zhao et al. [10] show that solder joint deformation is in the elastic range for vibration loading. The global-local or submodeling method [11-13] has been used for the board level FE simulation. In this study, four different model cases were investigated for FEA modal analysis to calculate the first order natural frequency of the FCOB assembly. A quasi-static analysis approach was conducted for the FCOB assembly to evaluate the stress strain behavior of the solder joints. A harmonic analysis was also investigated to study the dynamic response of the FCOB assembly subjected to vibration load. Fatigue life prediction results from the quasi-static analysis and harmonic analysis approaches were compared to the test results. 1.3 PROJECT PURPOSE In this modern world due to the causes of health and environmental issues the electronic manufacturing industries facing a challenging problem of necessity to produce reliable solder products in very high density with very low cost. Solder joints are very important to the reliability of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). This is a one of the leading factor in transmission of electrical and thermal connections. In case of every PCB even a smaller solder joints are very important. So this project investigates the Effect of Vibration on Solder Joint Reliability in Electronics Assembly Applications. Solder joint of a Electronic assembly is very important measurement because of This model based study might help engineers effectively improve the PCB mechanical design and thus improve reliability of electronics attached to the PCB by considering realistic uncertainties and adverse vibration environments. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING Vibration sine on random testing is performed by superimposing a sine wave on top of a random environment. A sine on random vibration test duplicates the combined environment of a spinning helicopter blade with its distinct resonant levels and the rest of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced vibration. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine vibration while the rest of the aircraft generates random excitations. These types of tests are duplicating vibration characterized by dominant peaks (sinusoids) superimposed on a broadband background Another variation would be a swept sine on random test. 2.2 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTING Dynamic deflections of materials caused by vibration can cause a host of problems and malfunctions including failed electrical components, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken structures, excessive electrical noise, electrical shorts, chafed wiring. Because sine vibration is basically a certain fundamental frequency and the harmonics of that fundamental, in its pure state, this type of vibration is generated by a limited but significant number of sources. Expressed as amplitude versus frequency, sine vibration is the type of vibration generated in the field by sources such as engine rotational speeds, propeller and turbine blade passage frequencies, rotor blade passage and launch vehicles. While much of real world vibration is random, sine vibration testing accomplishes several important goals in product qualification and testing. Much material and finished product was modeled on some type of sine vibe signature. A sine sweep of frequencies will determine whether the assumptions were correct and if the deviations are significant enough to cause design changes. In other words, sweep will establish if the anticipated frequency has been met and/or discovers the test item fundamental frequency. Similarly, a sweep will help identify the test subject resonance frequencies, which may be the points at which the item experiences particularly stressful deflections. By dwelling at those frequencies in subsequent tests, premature failures due to the properties of the material may come to light before the items sees field use. Some of the following tests include fixed frequency at higher levels of the controlling variable (displacement, velocity, acceleration), and random vibration . Per customer request, NTS will run sweeps in one direction, decreasing, increasing or bi-directionally and can change frequency logarithmically or linearly. Another typical sinusoidal vibration test, sine burst such as the teardrop, goes rapidly to peak pulse and then decays at lower rate (to prevent damage to the unit). The burst test puts a maximum load into an article at a rapid rate and particularly stresses joints and seams to identify workmanship and design issues. 2.3RANDOM VIBRATION TESTING The legitimacy of random vibration s an effective tool of screening work man ship defects came about during manufacturing. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during reliability testing. Pure sinusoidal vibration is composed of a single frequency at any given time. Comparisons tests revealed that to equal the effectiveness of random vibration. The test item will have to be subjected to many sine frequencies over a longer period of time, and may unintentionally fatigue the test item. Random vibrations undercover defect faster. 2.4 Real world simulation. Most vibration in real world is random for example a vehicle travelling over road experience random vibration from the road irregularities. A ground launched rocket vehicle experiences non stationary vibration during its flight the motor ignites the rocket travel through the atmosphere , the motor burn ends and so forth even in wing when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random vibration. Random vibration is composed of multitude of continues spectrum of frequencies. Motion varies randomly with time. It can be presented in the domain by a power spectral density function [G2/Hz]. HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING (HALT) Exposes the product to a step-by-step cycling in environmental variables such as temperature, shock and vibration. HALT involves vibration testing in all three axes using a random mode of frequencies. Finally, HALT testing can include the simultaneous cycling of multiple environmental variables, for example, temperature cycling plus vibration testing. This multi-variable testing approach provides a closer approximation of real-world operating environments. Unlike conventional testing, the goal of HALT testing is to break the product. When the product fails, the weakest link is identified, so engineers know exactly what needs to be done to improve product quality. After a product has failed, the weak component(s) are upgraded or reinforced. The revised product is then subjected to another round of HALT testing, with the range of temperature, vibration, or shock further increased, so the product fails again. This identifies the next weakest link. By going through several iterations like this, the product can be made quite robust. With this informed approach, only the weak spots are identified for improvement. This type of testing provides so much information about the construction and performance of a product, that it can bequite helpful for newer engineers assigned to a product with which they are not completely familiar. HALT testing must be performed during the design phase of a product to make sure the basic design is reliable. But it is important to note that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made engineering prototypes. At Trace, we have found that HALT testing should also be performed on actual production units, to ensure that the transition from engineering design to production design has not resulted in a loss of product quality or robustness. Some engineers may consider this approach as scientifically reasonable, but financially unrealistic. However, the cost of HALT testing is much less than the cost of field failures HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING (HASS) HASS testing is an on-going screening test, performed on regular production units. Here, the idea is not to damage the product, but rather to verify that actual production units continue to operate properly when subjected to the cycling of environmental variables used during the HASS test. The limits used in HASS testing are based on a skilled interpretation of the HALT testing parameters. The importance of HASS testing can be appreciated when one considers todays typical manufacturing scenario. Circuit boards are purchased from a vendor who uses materials purchased from other vendors. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from manufacturers all over the world. Often, the final assembly of the product is performed by a subcontractor. This means that the quality of the final product is a function of the quality (or lack thereof) of all the components, materials, and processes which are a part of that final product. These components, materials, and processes can and do change over time, thereby affecting the quality and reliability of the final product. The best way to ensure that production units continue to meet reliability objectives is through HASS testing. RELIABILITY Reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its required function under stated conditions for a specific period of time. Predicting with some degree of Confidence is very dependent on correctly defining a number of parameters. For instance, choosing the distribution that matches the data is of primary importance. If a correct distribution is not chosen, the results will not be reliable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to make correct decisions. Individual component failure rates must be based on a large enough population and relevant to truly reflect present day normal usages. There are empirical considerations, such as determining the slope of the failure rate and calculating the activation energy, as well as environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and vibration. Lastly, there are electrical stressors such as voltage and current. Reliability engineering can be somewhat abstract in that it involves much statist ics; yet it is engineering in its most practical form. Will the design perform its intended mission? Product reliability is seen as a testament to the robustness of the design as well as the integrity of the quality and manufacturing commitments of an organization. One of the fundamentals of understanding a products reliability requires an understanding of the calculation of the failure rate. The traditional method of determining a products failure rate is through the use of accelerated vibration operating life tests performed on a sample of devices. The failure rate obtained on the life test sample is then extrapolated to end-use conditions by means of predetermined statistical models to give an estimate of the failure rate in the field application. Although there are many other stress methods employed by electronic assembly manufacturers to fully characterize a products reliability, the data generated from operating life test sampling is the principal method used by the industry for estimating the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service. Failure Rate (ÃŽÂ ») Measure of failure per unit of time. The useful life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases slightly over early life, then stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should occur beyond useful life. Failure In Time (FIT) Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours. Total Device Hours (TDH) The summation of the number of units in operation multiplied by the time of operation. Mean Time between failures (MTBF) Reliability is quantified as MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) for repairable product and MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) for non-repairable product. A correct understanding of MTBF is important. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does not mean that the power supply should last for an average of 40,000 hours. According to the theory behind the statistics of confidence intervals, the statistical average becomes the true average as the number of samples increase. An MTBF of 40,000 hours, or 1 year for 1 module, becomes 40,000/2 for two modules and 40,000/4 for four modules. Sometimes failure rates are measured in percent failed per million hours of operation instead of MTBF. The FIT is equivalent to one failure per billion device hours, which is equivalent to a MTBF of 1,000,000,000 hours. The formula for calculating the MTBF is ÃŽÂ ¸ = T/R. ÃŽÂ ¸ = MTBF T = total time R = number of failures MTTF is stands for Mean Time To Failure. To distinguish between the two, the concept of suspensions must first be understood. In reliability calculations, a suspension occurs when a destructive test or observation has been completed without observing a failure. MTBF calculations do not consider suspensions whereas MTTF does. MTTF is the number of total hours of service of all devices divided by the number of devices. It is only when all the parts fail with the same failure mode that MTBF converges to MTTF. ÃŽÂ ³= T/N ÃŽÂ ³ = MTTF T = total time N = Number of units under test. If the MTBF is known, one can calculate the failure rate as the inverse of the MTBF. The formula for (ÃŽÂ ») is: where r is the number of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, probability can derive from following equation: R(t) = e-t/MTBF Confidence Level or Limit (CL) Probability level at which population failure rate estimates are derived from sample life test. The upper confidence level interval is used. Acceleration Factor (AF) A constant derived from experimental data which relates the times to failure at two different stresses. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated test conditions to use conditions. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate. THE BATHTUB CURVE The life of a population of units can be divided into three distinct periods. Figure 1 shows the reliability bathtub curve which models the cradle to grave instantaneous failure rates vs. time. If we follow the slope from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off leaving a population that is more rigorous. This first period is also called infant mortality period. The next period is the flat portion of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this time. It is difficult to predict which failure mode will manifest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the constant slope. The third period begins at the point where the slope begins to increase and extends to the end of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and begin to fail at an increasing rate. Reliability Predictions Methods A lot of time has been spent on developing procedures for estimating reliability of electronic equipment. There are generally two categories: (1) predictions based on individual failure rates, and (2) demonstrated reliability based on operation of equipment over time. Prediction methods are based on component data from a variety of sources: failure analysis, life test data, and device physics. For some calculations (e.g. military application) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard reliability prediction method. A simple failure rate calculation based on a single life test would follow equation 1. ÃŽÂ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under stress. AF = Acceleration factor, see Equation 3. Since reliability data can be accumulated from a number of different life tests with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate calculation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life test, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 accounts for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the confidence level for the resulting failure rate where, ÃŽÂ » = failure rate in FITs (Number fails in 109 device hours) ÃŽÂ ² = Number of distinct possible failure mechanisms k = Number of life tests being combined xi = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism i = 1, 2, ÃŽÂ ² TDHj = Total device hours of test time for life test j, j = 1, 2, k AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, i = 1, 2, k M = ÃŽ2 (ÃŽÂ ±, 2r +2) / 2 where, ÃŽ2 = chi square factor for 2r + 2 degrees of freedom r = total number of failures (ÃŽÂ £ xi) ÃŽÂ ± = risk associated with CL between 0 and 1. 2.2 SOLDER PASTE 2.1.1 ROLE OF SOLDER PASTE IN REFLOWING Solder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composition and a highly grinded, powdered solder metal alloy that is normally used in the electronics industry to soldering processes. And also it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnection features and the PCB itself. The components of a solder paste are specially designed for excellent printing and reflow characteristics. In normal case of the surface mount soldering process involves placing the substrate and a small amount of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connection between the solder pad and the electrical contact of electronics part. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connection between the electronics components and the printed circuit board. 2.1.2 SELECTION CRITERIA OF A SOLDER PASTE Selection of a solder paste is very important factor for reflowing process, reliability its quality. The following factors are considerable for a good solder paste [6]. The size of the solder alloy particles which are in the solder paste The tendency to form voids The properties of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha particle emission rate The design of the stencil to be used for printing Thermal properties of the solder paste Electrical properties of the solder paste CHAPTER 03 EXPERIMENTS 3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODOLGY SOLDER PASTE Basically I used solder paste in same procedure. The details of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the following table TYPE OF SOLDER PASTE ALLOYS CODING PARTICLE SIZE METAL LOADIND S1 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 S2 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1.1 types of solder paste used in experiment For this project all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and identification on it to distinguish it from the Tin lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a refrigerator between 35 45 F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimum four hours before doing the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the using solder paste must replace to the refrigerator since it can not be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be reducing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are strictly followed in this project. Because it is not only for guarantee the quality of solder paste but also a good way to reduce the errors that may affect the final results of the project. SOLDER PASTE PRINTING IMPORTANT OF SOLDER PASTE PRINTING Surface mount technology (SMT) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface mount components are potentially more reliable products can be designed and manufactured using the SMT. The solder paste stencil printing process is very critical and important step in the surface mount manufacting process. Most of all the soldering defects are due to problems dealing with the screening process. So we want to a major consideration in operation and set up steps in stencil printing process. When we are monitoring these factors carefully we can minimize the defects. The main purpose of printing solder paste on PCB is to supply solder alloy to solder joint to correct amount. That only print must be aligned correctly and can get a perfect component placement. PRINTING PROCESS PARAMETERS Some of the following parameters are very important to printing process. STENCIL Stencils are using for the solder paste slip easily off the aperture edges and thereby secures a uniform print. For this process we using electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have very shape edge and slightly conic. Generally a stencil is mading from cupper or nickel [12]. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and dirt from the air that will reach the PCBs and stencils can be defects poor wet ability in the reflow soldering process. So PCBs should be stored in sealed packages and cleaned before use. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to achieve a maximum production results. Some of the factors are given below [12]. Percent of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf life STENCIL PRINTING PARAMETERS Stencil printing parameters are very important factors in printing processes to achieve a best yield. The following parameters must be monitors and controlled in a printing process. Squeegee pressure = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100% Printing gap = 0.0 mm These factors and limit can be adjust for our project purpose SOLDER PASTE PRINTING EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS Figure 3.2.4.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to print solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two main functions. Registers the position of the product screen with in the print head Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to ready for the print cycle. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuum caps arranged on the plate to guarantee the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first step of the experiment is to do the solder paste printing on to the board. In this project unable to get metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by hand, below procedure followed to print PCB Put weights onto the stencil to fix it roll the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Totally 4 circuit boards printed. SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS/PROFILE Figure 3.3.1 reflow oven To achieve a good reliable solder joint the reflow process is very important. When doing the reflow with sn-pb solder paste often performed at minimum peak temperature of about 203. It is 20k above the sn pb liquid state temperature. When doing the reflow process with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a minimum peak temperature of 230. It is just 13K above the melting temperature. It is generally accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 220 230. Reflow profile will be affecting the reliability of a solder joint. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic layers in a solder joint. Intermettalic layer is a critical part of a solder joint. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must produce solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer. PREHEAT ZONE In this zone indicates how the temperature is changing fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is usually between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be damage to components from thermal shock. Only In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to evaporate. So if the rise rate is too low the evaporation of flux is not incomplete. This will affect the quality of the solder joint. THERMAL SOAK ZONE It is also called the flux activation zone. In this thermal soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for removal of solder paste and activation of fluxes. Solder spattering and balling will be happen if the temperature is too high or too low. End of this thermal shock zone a thermal equilibrium will complete the entire circuit board. REFLOW ZONE In this reflow zone only the maximum temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to consider about the peak temperature that is the maximum allowable temperature of entire process. It is very important to monitor this maximum temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may cause damage to the internal dies of SMT components and a block to the growth of intermetalic bonds. we have to consider the profile time also. If time exceeds than the manufactures specification it also affect the circuit boards quality. 3.3.4 COOLING ZONE In the reflow process the last zone is cooling zone. A proper cooling inhabits excess intermetallic formation or thermal shock to the components. Generally the cooling zone temperature range is 30 100. In this project I selected the following temperature profiles. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free soldering. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Totally 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was not involves any defects or damages in the printed circuit board. Figure 3.3.4.1a printed circuit board after reflow SET UP EVENT DETECTOR The constructed PCBs were connected with event detector by ribbon data cable. Ribbon cable addressed according to `Analysis tech STD series event detectors manual . pins 1 to 32 function as source point and pins 33 to 37 function as ground point. To obtain closed loop circuit to monitor the behaviour of PCB components, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to channel 1,2,33 and 34 respectively. Ribbon cable After connected ribbon cable with event detector and enviromenrt chamber, channels are assigned in WIN DATA LOG software which supplied with event detector. For this test following settings define for data acquisition INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMER In this study, PCBs were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyse the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random vibration loading. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration levels to assess the solder joint reliability subjected varying G-level vibration loads(G is the gravitational acceleration), respectively. Vibration tests were accomplished by using an electro dynamic Shaker

Latin History

MEXICO ECONOMY Mexico is located in North America and known as United Mexican States. It consists of thirty-one states and a federal district with the capital of Mexico City. It is most populous city in the Earth. The GDP is $1.149 trillion and per capital income is $11,249. the income per capita is $7.310. It is 12th largest economy in the world as measured in Gross Domestic product. The GDP real growth rate is 4.8%. The average annual GDP growth during 1972 to 1981 was 5.5% whereas during 1981-1986 it was only 1.5%. The GDP’s main share is from services 69.4% and the industry captured 26.7%. From Agriculture it is only 3.9%.   The public debt is 23.3% of GDP. Mexico is highly dependent on exports to the United States. The quarter share of the country’s GDP is based on the exports to the United States. Hence the Mexican economy is strongly linked with the U.S. business. The 1994-year is Mexico’s bad year. Of course it starts with acceptance of NAFTA in the year beginning with United States and Canada and ends with dark Christmas with peso devaluation. During the year there are many political problems like Chiapas rebellion, assignations of political leaders. There was such situation the Mexico attacked with the crisis during 1982 and it got recovered by 7 years whereas during 1994 peso devaluation, it takes for 7 months only to get recovery.   During December 19, 1994, the exchange rate is 3.50 pesos per dollar. The consumer demand for goods collapsed. The Mexican interest rate on loans dramatically increased creating a shock in the banking system. Some businesses closed due to increase of market share. The exports increased with high exchange rate TRADE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEXICO AND UNITED STATES 90% of Mexican trade has been put under free trade agreements with over 40 countries. The North American Free Trade Agreement is significant in this regard. 9% of Mexican exports go to the United States and Canada. And imports recognized 65% from these two countries. The exports to Untied States are 88.4% and imports from United States are 68.4%. Mexico is dependent on trade with United States. The U.S. exports to Mexico include electronic equipment, motor vehicle parts and chemicals and in case of Mexican exports to the United States are Petroleum, cars and electronic equipment. Mexico depends more than on U.S. economy whether it may be good or bad. The NAFTA relation between U.S and Mexico completed more than 10 years. Of course, after the peso devaluation, the Mexico economy become stable, perhaps the United States plays major role. Initially, there was a free trade agreement between Canada and United States called Free Trade Agreement during 1988. Thereafter it was included Mexico and fresh agreement is established in the name of NAFTA. It is trilateral agreement. It is an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico. The agreement indicates elimination of tariffs of the produced traded in the respective nations i.e. United States, Canada and Mexico. It is planned to phase out tariffs over a period 15 years. Besides the restrictions were said to be removed from many categories, which includes motor vehicles, computers, textiles and agriculture. MEXICO POLITICAL The type of government is Federal republic. Representing political parties are Institutional Revolutionary Party, National Action Party, Party of the Democratic Revolution, Green Ecological Party, Labor party and several small parties. The politics of Mexico are dominated by the three political parties in Mexico i.e. National Action Party (PAN), Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The recent federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006. President Zedillo and president Fox continued with trade liberalization and several FTAs were signed with Latin American and European countries. Thus Mexico became one of the most open countries in the world of trade. Most Important reform during President Fox period is implementation of Freedom of Information laws. With this effect Mexico City and 26 states supposed to fight against corruption. Hence Mexico becomes international model by usage of FOIA laws and enforcement mechanisms. REFERENE: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html http://countrystudies.us/mexico/65.htm http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm   

Structure of an Interview

Structure of an Interview A structure for an interview for Interpreter/translator position at school district should be very specific. I would include in the posting of the job the following specifications: * Position/Title * Location * Director Supervisor * Qualifications I would include in the qualifications certification, fluent in oral and written Spanish and English, ability to work with teachers, administrators, parents, and students.After the qualifications, I will write the performance responsibilities: * Provide oral interpretation of school related dialogues * Check for understanding during conferences IEP, and meeting in which interpretation is provided * Translate district and school related documents form English to Castilian Spanish * Provide translated documents in word processing format Conduct English as a Second Language workshops for non/limited English proficient parents * Attend District or school related evening activities when interpretation services are needed * Identify/locate additional interpretation services as needed for district-wide events and maintain data collection records as remind for ELL program Now I would include the education experience, for example any combination equivalent to: High school diploma, Para-Professional supplemented by training and experience in oral interpretation and written translation.After the education experience I will have the abilities for example: * Read, write, translate and interpreter English and Spanish * Establish and maintain cooperative and effective working relationships with others * Meet schedules and time lines * Work independently with little direction * Determine appropriate action within clearly defined guidelines * Understand and follow oral and written directions I think it is very important to have all the above specifications on the osting job because it makes it easier for the person doing the interview to ask questions related to the job and keep the interview only in job relat ed questions. If the person doing the interview is not bilingual, I will have a bilingual person during the interview to help to determine how well the applicant speak and write the language (Spanish). In the interview, I will have a few scenarios to see if the applicant abilities to handle some situations that may occur in the job. For example: Scenario #1 You are schedule to interpret for an IEP meeting when you receive a phone call indicating another school needs your services. The school has on the phone an upset parent who does not speak English and the school staff cannot resolve the situation†. As an interviewer a will ask the applicant to talk a little about effective practices she/he used in the past when she/he are needed in two places at once. This scenario deals with multi-tasking, I want to make sure the applicant can deal with situations under pressure when you are working with parents, students, and teachers.Scenario #2 â€Å"You are interpreting for a non-Engl ish speaking parent, when an urgent situation in a classroom-involving an ELL student occurs. What would you do? As a school district job, the most important thing is the being well of the students. The interpreter must care about the children first. I also will ask the following questions: 1. – Tell a little about yourself-why you are interested in this position, your interests, previous experiences etc. 2. What training or coursework you have participated in during the past two years? 3. -What you bring to this position that would enhance our school district? 4. -If you were offered this position, when would you be able to begin? 5. -What are your current/minimum salary requirements? I feel that the questions above are job related, because even though I have the applicant’s resume by asking questions like tell a little about yourself you I can kind of see she/he personality.Most of the companies like people that like to learn new things or be familiar with new regula tions or could be that they haven’t participate in any training is a result of lock of opportunity, money etc. For the third question, I want to know why they think they can be a good candidate, what they can bring to the company that makes them the best candidate for the position. As an interviewer you need to know when they can start working and for the last question, they do not have to answer about their current salary but I think to know what is the minimum salary require is a valid question.

The Rage Against The Machine - 1368 Words

It was a time of long hair and stealth window escapes at the midnight hour; a time of skipping class, anti-establishment sentiment spewing forth from my foul, juvenile, remorseless mouth. I was mad at the world on the grounds that I felt as though I had been dealt a lousy hand in this life. In my infinite teenage wisdom, I had convinced myself if I could not everything my way, I would set the world ablaze and watch it burn. Full of aggressive energy, anger was the emotion with which I chose to express myself. Naturally, I found fuel for the fire in a band named Rage against the Machine. Front-man Zach de la Rocha put the emotions I was experiencing into a lyrical poetic, militant, rap-core metal form. It was unlike anything I had ever heard before: pure, intellectual, and most of all, unfiltered. Initially, I was drawn to Rage because of their sound and musical talent, with their unparalleled ability to blend various genres of music and produce something authentic in a world of simul acra. On the other hand, I had little knowledge of events, names, and issues that this band was bringing to my attention: real-life sociological issues like economic inequality, political prisoners held captive in our own country, brute force control, and the reality that freedom is a hoodwink illusion. These are topics that I have evolved to feel passionately about and of which I wish others were more conscious and aware. 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