Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Coursework

Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Fletcher - Coursework Example Therefore Ben is at liberty to pursue a claim against X Ltd. in tort for Amir’s harassment provided he can substantiate the requisite elements constituting harassment. The fact that Ben complained to management in the past and after the incident in which he was locked in a store closet will not exempt X Ltd. from liability under the principle of vicarious liability. Despite a formal warning, the harassment continued. The fact is, an employer can be vicariously liable even if the employer is not aware of the harassment leading to psychiatric injury. Since Ben can substantiate harassment for which the employer is vicarious liable under the House of Lords’ interpretation of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 , Ben will have to prove that the harassment took place in the course of employment. An employer can only be held vicariously liable for the conduct of an employee during the course of employment. In this regard, the Salmond test is instructive. The Salmond test provides that: An employer will be liable not only for a wrongful act of an employee that he has authorized, but also for a wrongful and unauthorised mode of doing some act authorised by the master. 5 It can be inferred that since Ben complained in the past and Amir’s harassment only intensified, X Ltd. authorized the harassment and therefore Ben will be able to meet the definition of the Salmond test. As Lord Millett stated, the Salmond test would act as a guide for applying the law to different facts and circumstances.6 Vicarious liability under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 broadens the Salmond test in that the employee need only be acting during work hours and in the workplace.7 Moreover, it was established in Jones v Tower Boot Co. Ltd., that the Salmond Test may not be applicable in cases of harassment. The Salmond test may only be applicable in cases where an employee’s tortious conduct is directed toward a third party. However, when the employee’s conduct is d irected toward another employee, the employer will not escape liability. In this regard, the phrase â€Å"in the course of employment† will be interpreted liberally.8 In the final analysis, the test to be applied in establishing vicarious liability, is whether or not the behaviour complained of was such that it had an impact on the victim’s ability to perform his duties. Essentially, what this means is that once the harassment occurs during working hours and more especially in the workplace, the employer will be liable.9 In any event, there is no doubt that the bullying and/or harassment committed by Amir, did have an impact on Ben’s ability to work. He took three weeks off work and upon his return was subjected to further bullying which rendered Ben unable to return to work. Therefore in all the circumstances, Ben has a claim against his employer, X Ltd. for harassment at work under the principles of vicarious liability. B. Amir Section 1 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 provides for a new head of civil/tort claims in respect of harassment. Civil/tortious liability will arise when a person embarks upon a â€Å"course of conduct† that â€Å"amounts to harassment of another†. Although harassment is not defined by the 1997 Act, the House of Lords ruled that harassment would include causing anxiety or distress†. In fact, Section 3 of the 1997 Act permits the recovery of damages in respect of anxiety and distress resulting from harassment. Moreover Section 7 (2) provides that harassment includes â€Å"alarming the person or causing the person distress†. Section 7(2) would certainly include the silent telephone calls as well as the false report that Ben’s wife was in the emergency room of the hospital. On the facts of the case for discussion, Ben has certainly suffered what can be described as anxiety or distres

Impression Formation in Social Psychology Essay

Impression Formation in Social Psychology - Essay Example After a long day of regulating behaviors at work or at school, for instance, resources for controlling other person's traits could be limited; reading for tests or going to the gym. Research by Buss, M. G & Graig, K.L (2000) assumes that feeling regulation approaches would demand disparate echelons of behavioral management on the audience where feeling is rather contained. For instance, in comparison with being decent, more management is needed when we swank to others we are familiar with since they are much informed about our well being and could easily approve the impression we tend to construct. Correspondingly, traits ought to govern more when portraying decency to outsiders unlike swanking about the self. The implicit here it that it constructs so much sense to depict ourselves in the most prospective fashion to individuals we don't comprehend well, and being self-effacing does not achieve this intention. A vivid scenario is that where four college roommates that attend a party where they meet friends and classmates that know them closely and consequently interact with strangers who conceive so little about them. Juvenile men have conversations with either friends or strangers and they either swank about their achievements or depict the self in a modest manner. Soon after, the roommates are confronted with a temptation where governing their traits is quite significant; students are questioned to give forecasts concerning how well every man will respond to temptation. Their results are then tabulated with the founding by Vohs et al. Impression Management Theory Impression management hypothesis contents that persons are generally stimulated to advance the self by presenting themselves in ways that are rather positively appealing to their counterparts. According to Buss, M. G & Graig, K.L (2000) the knack to govern other person impressions of us is an imperative aspect in numerous actions, for instance when trying to please the employer during a job interview. When helplessly seeking for support from friends. By itself, impression hypothesis is inclined on an interpersonal procedure. Social psychology confirms that there exist, numerous line of attack through which persons employ to express an appealing reflection to others. Gratifying those that have reserves we seek for, relating with flourishing others, disconnecting with abortive others and constructing of excuses for our malfunction as well as threatening others. Humility and self-importance are two lines of attack emphasized in this case. Arrogance happens when we decorate our positive characteristic and also hide our unconstructive distinctiveness. Reticence transpire when we present out qualities in a way that is either arrogant nor self-disparaging Self-Regulation Theory Self governing hypothesis is oriented towards person's competence to monitor and organize their mannerisms to accomplish preferred intentions. This presumption is related with that ability to modify automatic, customary or instinctive qualities, urges, sensation and requirements that would otherwise mess up with intentions directed manners. For instance students self govern especially when they revise for exam unlike whether

Mergers and Acquisitions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Assignment Example The exception to this is when both parties agree, irrespective of the relative strength and size, to present themselves as a merger rather than an acquisition. An example of a true merger would be the joining of Glaxo Wellcome with SmithKline Beecham in 1999 when both firms together became GlaxoSmithKline. An example of an acquisition posing as a merger for appearances sake was the takeover of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz in the same year. As already seen, since mergers and acquisitions are not easily categorised, it is no easy matter to analyse and explain the many variables underlying success or failure of M&As. Historically, a distinction has been made between congeneric and conglomerate mergers. Roughly speaking, congeneric firms are those in the same industry and at a similar level of economic activity, while conglomerates are mergers from unrelated industries or businesses. Congeneric could also be seen as (a) horizontal mergers and (b) vertical mergers depending on whether the products and services are of the same appearances a mutually supportive nature. Horizontal mergers may come under the scrutiny of anti-trust legislation if the result is seen as turning into a monopoly.  The ‘first wave’ of horizontal mergers took place in the United States between 1899 and 1904 during a period referred to as the Great Merger Movement. Between 1916 and 1929, the ‘second wave’ was more of vertical mergers. After the great depression and World War II the ‘third wave’ of conglomerate mergers took place between 1965 and 1989. The ‘fourth wave’ betw een 1992 and 1998 saw congeneric mergers and even more hostile takeovers.  

Impression Formation in Social Psychology Essay

Impression Formation in Social Psychology - Essay Example After a long day of regulating behaviors at work or at school, for instance, resources for controlling other person's traits could be limited; reading for tests or going to the gym. Research by Buss, M. G & Graig, K.L (2000) assumes that feeling regulation approaches would demand disparate echelons of behavioral management on the audience where feeling is rather contained. For instance, in comparison with being decent, more management is needed when we swank to others we are familiar with since they are much informed about our well being and could easily approve the impression we tend to construct. Correspondingly, traits ought to govern more when portraying decency to outsiders unlike swanking about the self. The implicit here it that it constructs so much sense to depict ourselves in the most prospective fashion to individuals we don't comprehend well, and being self-effacing does not achieve this intention. A vivid scenario is that where four college roommates that attend a party where they meet friends and classmates that know them closely and consequently interact with strangers who conceive so little about them. Juvenile men have conversations with either friends or strangers and they either swank about their achievements or depict the self in a modest manner. Soon after, the roommates are confronted with a temptation where governing their traits is quite significant; students are questioned to give forecasts concerning how well every man will respond to temptation. Their results are then tabulated with the founding by Vohs et al. Impression Management Theory Impression management hypothesis contents that persons are generally stimulated to advance the self by presenting themselves in ways that are rather positively appealing to their counterparts. According to Buss, M. G & Graig, K.L (2000) the knack to govern other person impressions of us is an imperative aspect in numerous actions, for instance when trying to please the employer during a job interview. When helplessly seeking for support from friends. By itself, impression hypothesis is inclined on an interpersonal procedure. Social psychology confirms that there exist, numerous line of attack through which persons employ to express an appealing reflection to others. Gratifying those that have reserves we seek for, relating with flourishing others, disconnecting with abortive others and constructing of excuses for our malfunction as well as threatening others. Humility and self-importance are two lines of attack emphasized in this case. Arrogance happens when we decorate our positive characteristic and also hide our unconstructive distinctiveness. Reticence transpire when we present out qualities in a way that is either arrogant nor self-disparaging Self-Regulation Theory Self governing hypothesis is oriented towards person's competence to monitor and organize their mannerisms to accomplish preferred intentions. This presumption is related with that ability to modify automatic, customary or instinctive qualities, urges, sensation and requirements that would otherwise mess up with intentions directed manners. For instance students self govern especially when they revise for exam unlike whether

Life in the Slums Essay Example for Free

Life in the Slums Essay Life In The Slums Plan Intro: Life is tough living in the slums, but Im used to it now so its not as hard as it was when we first moved here. Especially considering we were looking to come to the city for a better lifestyle, and to have a better chance for my parents to get a job, and for my siblings and I to go to school. My name is Anikal and Im 13, I have 3 older brothers, and one younger sister. Para 1: living conditions and hygiene and population density Moved to Mumbai 4 years ago looking for a better life- ended up in slums It is basically a tip where we live Its so crowded- 56% of residences have 3 or more people living in a single room Its so dirty, it smells (although we are used to it now) People evacuating their bowls in the middle of the streets- 5 million residents dont have access to toilets We dont have showers we have to find little pools to clean off in- theyre generally dirty water It is a tough life to get used to- nothing is easy We were playing cricket on a big stretch of concrete and the police came chasing after us- we had to run and weave through the slums Para 2: work and employment opportunities and school and exploitation of children We originally moved to the city for the reasons of work and schooling My siblings and I get to go to school twice a week as thats all we can afford We all have to work to get enough money for our family to eat, and to go to school It can be tough labor a lot of the time for little amounts of money We are working towards starting a business selling stuff- we arent sure what yet There arent many opportunities in the slums for work, so you have to take anything you can get We thought there would be a lot of opportunities in Mumbai There are in the main city, but very few in the slums We have to go around asking everyone if theres anything we can do for them to earn a little bit of money We dont get to keep that money for ourselves, we give it to mum and dad, and they use it for all the things we need Para 3: buildings and structures and infrastructure and police and security There are so many buildings in a small area in our slum Over half the population lives on 12% of the land When you are walking around there is only a small gap for sunlight to get through All the buildings are right together and the roofs hang over the footpath- if you can even call it a foot path There are some buildings that are more than one story, but they arent very safe For some people it doesnt matter how unsafe it is, they just need somewhere to live The security isnt all that great in the slums The police are sort of against us, when ever we go places we arent supposed to theyre straight onto us and will chase us for ages With people in the main city, they will politely tell them off, but us, straight into a full chase. Our house is substandard When it rains torrentially it sometimes leak We have hardly any access to hospitals and medical attention Conclusion: Life in the slums is tough. We moved to the city with the intention of starting fresh, and having more opportunities but we ended up in the slums. Weve been here for four years and its been hard. Im used to it now though. It is very unhygienic and packed. The population density is ridiculous. Its been a hard run in terms of work and school, we only get a small education, and dont have a job, we just have to try help out with same labor work for some money. There are so many buildings in such a small area, and we dont have any security, and the police are just out to catch us doing the wrong thing. Our house is very small and squishy, but its the life Im now used to, whether I like it or not, its how it is. Essay Life is tough living in the slums, but Im used to it now so its not as hard as it was when we first moved here. Especially considering we were looking to come to the city for a better lifestyle, a chance for my parents to get a job, and for my siblings and I to get an education. My name is Anikal, Im 13, I have 3 older brothers, and one younger sister. Im live in the slums of Mumbai. My family and I moved to Mumbai looking for a better lifestyle, but ended up in the slums pretty quickly. It is basically like a tip where we live, its terrible. It is so crowded, people everywhere, and in 56% of the residences there are three or more people living in just one room! It is all so dirty, and smells (although we are used to the smell now). People just go to the toilet in the streets, 5 million people dont have access to toilets, and in Dharavi there is one toilet per 1440 people. We dont have access to showers- not many people do, but we have to use the water we have, or find pools of water we can clean off in. Its a tough life to get used to in the slums, nothing comes easy. We were just playing cricket out the back of the slums on the concrete on someone elses land, but no one was there, we werent affecting anyone, and the police just chased us on motorbikes with sticks and all, and we had to run back into the slums, on the roofs trying to get away. We eventually got away then ran back the other way passed them on the roof, we saw them though the gap in between two houses. We originally moved to the city of Mumbai in search of better work and schooling opportunities. My siblings and I only get to go to school twice a week, and get a small education as thats all we can afford on our very small budget. My whole family has to work as much as we can helping people out, doing laboring work just to get enough money for the things we need. We are working towards trying to start up our own small business, and hopefully then have a steady income that we can live off. There arent many opportunities in the slums of Mumbai, so we have to take any work we can get. There are many opportunities if youre in the main part of Mumbai, but unfortunately were in the slums. My siblings and I dont get any pocket money, any money we go out and earn goes straight to our parents so that they can buy all the things we need, like food. There are so many buildings and other structures in our small area of the slums. It is packed, over half of the population lives on only 12% of the land. When you are walking around through the slums, there is only a small gap for any sunlight to get through between the roofs of buildings, over the footpaths- if you can even call it a footpath. There are some buildings in our slum that are more than one story, they arent very safe though, but for some people, thats their only option. We dont really have any security in our slums, and the police are just out to catch us, whenever we are doing anything wrong, even the smallest thing that would normally just be a warning for others, they chase us all through our slums trying to catch us. Theyre just constantly out to get us. Our house is very substandard, its just like a little hut, with two rooms that were all squished into. When there is torrential rain it can sometimes get in, but its usually pretty good. We have hardly any access to any sort of medical care, and hospitals, so when we get sick or injured, we just have to hope its not too bad and that we can get through and come out better in time. Life in the slums is tough. We moved to the city with the intention of starting fresh, and having more opportunities but we ended up in the slums. Weve been here for four years and its been hard. Im used to it now though. It is very unhygienic and packed. The population density is ridiculous. Its been a hard run in terms of work and school, we only get a small education, and dont have a job, we just have to try help out with same labor work for some money. There are so many buildings in such a small area, and we dont have any security, and the police are just out to catch us doing the wrong thing. Our house is very small and squishy, but its the life Im now used to, whether I like it or not, its how it is. Bibliography: Living conditions in the slums. Sites.google. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. . Marotta, Stephen. Slums mumbaiindias jimdo page!. Introduction mumbaiindias jimdo page!. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Aug. 2013. . Slumdog millionaire. Dir. Danny Boyle. Perf. Jamal Malik. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. hallam, james. Dharavi Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Aug. 2013. .

The Sport And Recreation Environment Physical Education Essay

The Sport And Recreation Environment Physical Education Essay This report as part of the ISRM Higher Professional Diploma in Sport and Recreational Management has been undertaken to both explore and look at the role sport plays in society, in particular how sport and leisure has developed in the last twenty years. It will also provide an explanation to the variations to the structure of the sport and recreational sector with an insight to the roles and functions of key organisations, organisations such as Clubmark, Inclusive Fitness Initiative and the English Federation of Disability Sport. In addition it will review the leisure industry as one of the fastest growing industries in the world, fed by an expansion of peoples leisure time and spending. It will also provide awareness regarding the various schemes that have been put in place by local and central government to help accommodate people from all backgrounds, gender, race and ability. 2.0 Overview In recent years the UK leisure industry has grown and become wide-ranging in terms of ownership, with a substantial input from commercial, charitable, public and voluntary sector providers. Leisure now accounts for almost 30% of total consumer spending, and has grown in significance to such an extent that a specialist government department has been established called the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) to oversee and drive forward sport sector programmes and projects. Projects include the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games and support the bid to bring the 2018 World Cup to England. Their main objective is to improve the quality of life for all through cultural and sporting activities, to support the pursuit of excellence and to champion the tourism, creative and leisure industries. (DCMS 2011) This is achieved by providing advice for Ministers to enable them to drive forward sport sector programmes and projects, and work with the sports delivery Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPBs). The bodies include, Sport England, UK Sport and UK Anti-Doping. In addition the DCMS also support initiatives to promote equality in sport and works closely with the HM Revenue Customs (HMRC) and the Central Council of Physical Recreation (CCPR) to promote the Community Armature Sports Club which offer tax relief to local amateur sports clubs. The majority of sports that take place in society are structured and controlled by a number of contributing factors, these include Your location and environment Occupation Disposable Income Marital status Age Mobility Time Overview Continued The above factors surround that of an individual but more often than not both the environment and society we occupy dictate what sport we become most interested in. The rational being affordability, some sports tend to be out of the reach for some people especially those living in less lucrative areas. However Government strategies have changed over the last 10 years, they have now come to realise the health benefits to the nation in terms of both reduced costs to the National Health Service and lost time and its effects on the economy and production. The realisation has meant that sport has become affordable and available to more people. The objective is to encourage service users to take part in as much physical activity as possible taking into account, gender, ethnicity, religion, disability, social inclusion and deprivation. 3.0 The Growth of the Leisure Sector The leisure structure has changed radically over the last ten years, there has been an intense shift in leisure development, basic sports and leisure facilities are no longer always the first choice of entertainment activities. Over the last decade the commercial leisure industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors of the UK property market. This growth has been underpinned by the dramatic growth in leisure spend and fuelled by a select number of leisure activities, particularly multiplex cinemas and the health and fitness industry. New attractions have also emerged that combine a mix of leisure and retail uses and draw visitors from a much wider catchment area. Examples include the Trafford Centre Manchester and Liverpool One. The leisure market has been the subject of some profound changes over recent years. The mix of social and economic conditions which prevailed in the late 1990s has triggered the arrival of a much more mobile and astute customer seeking not just value for money, but also increased choice in terms of leisure environments and experiences i.e. Chill Factor and Crosby Boating Lake Arena. 3.1 Factors that have helped contribute to Growth Improved standards of living. Increased sponsorship deals from televised sport Support from Advisory Sports Council and Independent Sports Council Education surrounding academic qualifications in sport Sport England, Clubmark and Inclusive Fitness to support people with disabilities Private company buy in and investment Local government realising the impact that sport and activity can have on a persons health and wellbeing. Local government investment in new facilities that they provide for local people. 3.2 Expected Market Changes. Obesity is an on-going problem and as such is predicted to increase in the future, this is likely to provide be an increase in GP exercise referrals to face this problem. This will increase both the revenue and participation within the leisure environment. With no likelihood of an end to the obesity problem the leisure industry will continue to be provided with a convenient supply of customers long into the future. Initiatives such as Fit for the Future aim to reduce the number of overweight people in the future by encouraging them to join a health and fitness club.   In support of this the Fitness Industry Association (FIA) has lobbied for tax concessions for individuals spending on health clubs. The argument being that a healthier lifestyle will reduce obesity and overweight-related treatments for The National Health Service (NHS). Over the last decade the mortality rate has increased, government statistics indicate the number of people aged over 55 by the end of 2010 will have increased. As the proportion and number of both time-rich and cash-rich customers increase the leisure industry will seize the opportunity and take advantage on the opportunities this will provide. The government, through Sport England and other regional bodies, are investing money into schools, community sports, elite sports, coaching provision and training for PE teachers. It is anticipated that job opportunities will increase in sport development and coaching. Hosting the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will have far-reaching effects on community regeneration, with a predicted 70,000 new jobs (including voluntary positions) and  £17billion investment in sports and facilities. 4.0 Participation in Sport A survey conducted by Sport England under Active People Survey, returned the following results. The fourth year of the survey, Active People Survey 4, started in October 2009 and ran continuously for 12 months until the middle of October 2010. The full year results were published on 16 December 2010.   Key highlights from Active People Survey 4: During 2009/10, 6.938 million adults (aged 16 and over) participated in sport three times a week for 30 minutes at moderate intensity (16.5% of the adult population in England). This is 123,000 more adult participants than the 2007/08 baseline. Compared with Active People Survey 2, sports participation among non-white adults has increased by 64,100, from 722,800 (16.1%) to 786,900 (17.3%). Since 2007/08, participation in athletics (including running and jogging) has grown by 263,400 to 1.876 million adults (4.5%) in 2009/10. Cycling has grown from 1.767 million adults (4.3%) in 2007/8 to 1.866 million adults (4.4%) in 2009/10, an increase of 99,200 participants. The Wolfenden report In October 1957, the Central Council of Physical Recreation (CCPR) appointed an independent Committee led by Chairman Sir John Wolfenden to examine general position of sport in England and to recommend what action should be taken by statutory and voluntary bodies if sports were to play their full part in promoting the general welfare of the community. The decision to set up this Committee was made because of a general and growing feeling that some new initiative was required if sport was to be enabled to expand and develop to meet the present-day requirements. The C.C.P.R. itself works only in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, however the Scottish Council of Physical Recreation were happy to co-operate which made it possible for the inquiry to cover the whole of the United Kingdom. Sport Development Sport Development plays and essential role in the development sport activities available to young people. More than a decade ago the opportunities within the school curriculum were extremely limited and usually only covered basic PE or football. The culture has now changed within schools and they now encourage pupils to participate in a wide range of sporting activities, such as rugby, netball, hockey and swimming. The education systems has also embraced the changes offering academic opportunities to pupils within this subject. Local Government Sports Development officers work closely with schools to provide them with the necessary skills to engage alternative sports, in most cases their skills are provided free of charge. Sports Development are particularly involved with children at primary school age, at this stage the education system lacks resources in terms of PE staff to allow specialist sporting activities to take place. The Sports Development team also assist Teachers to arrange special events, such as school galas etc. They also maintain a balance to ensure that the pupils who are less capable at achieving high sporting standards still have the same opportunities. In addition Sports Development play an important role by both bringing groups of people together all ages and providing the necessary expertise to support funding applications via, Clubmark, Sport England and the National Lottery. Clubmark Clubmark is a multi-sport accreditation introduced in 2002 by Sport England to support amateur clubs with junior participants. Clubmark is designed to help sports clubs develop through proper planning and by making sure that proper procedures are in place to cover all eventualities. The aim is to empower parents when selecting a club for their children. When clubs achieve their own sports Award, they will also receive Clubmark which  allows parents to easily recognise quality clubs, whatever the sport, because of the one cross-sport quality kite mark. The Clubmark accreditation is only awarded to clubs that comply with the following four standards: Duty of care and safety Quality of coaching and competition Fairness of opportunity (equity) Club management The benefits from achieving accreditation can include, increased membership benefiting from the raised profile on the Clubmark database and parent confidence. It will also provide the necessary support for developing coaches and volunteers within the qualifying clubs. Social Exclusion Social exclusion has been defined by the Department of International Development (DFID) as a process by which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged because they are discriminated against on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, caste, descent, gender, age, disability, HIV status, migrant status or where they live. To address the issues the Government formed a Task Force in 1997 to identify the people most at risk. In 2006 the Task for was closed down and transferred to the Social Exclusion Unit, It is smaller than its predecessor and sits within the Cabinet Office. It concentrates on preventative policies for hard to reach children and families deemed to have been immune from the governments drives against social exclusion to date. Policy Action Team 10 (PAT 10) In 1997 the New Labour Government assembled the Social Exclusion Unit better known as the SEU. The unit was tasked with reporting on how to develop an integrated and workable method to deal with the problems of the worst housing estates and the report was also to include crime, drugs, unemployment, breakdowns in community and poor schools. The report titles Bringing Britain Together produced findings that led to the setup of a number of policy action teams, the team was known as PAT 10. The belief and outcome was that if youths were to take part in more sporting activities that youth crime figures would drop, this theory has now become the business focus for Sport Development. Inclusive Fitness The Inclusive Fitness Initiative (IFI) has been established to support the fitness industry to become more inclusive, serving the needs of both disabled and non-disabled people alike. IFI has been working in collaboration with the fitness equipment manufacturers i.e. Lifefitness and Profitness for more than eight years to ensure that the equipment available on the market is as inclusive as possible. The accredited equipment is intended for all users and is not specifically targeted at disabled people.  Ã‚  IFI has worked together with the industry to design a list of fitness equipment, the only list of its kind in the world.  Ã‚   In order to ensure that as many disabled people as possible can benefit from both a cardiovascular and resistance based workout, the IFI recommends a minimum package of fitness equipment is installed (please note that wherever possible, this minimum should be exceeded).   This minimum package includes the following key pieces to ensure a full body workout can be achieved by a wide range of users: Treadmill Upright and/or recumbent cycle Upper body ergometer Leg curl Leg extension/leg press Upper body resistance equipment including chest press, row, shoulder press and lat pull-down or equivalent upper body multi-station Package of small equipment Child Protection In 2001, the Child Protection in Sport Unit was launched and jointly-funded by Sport England and the NSPCC. The units responsibility is to help children play sport, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, It has set out Standards for Safeguarding and Protecting Children in Sport which national governing bodies and  County Sports Partnerships (CSPs) are required to adopt in line with their statutory responsibilities, and best practice. There are three levels of achievement: Preliminary, Intermediate Advanced. To qualify for the intermediate and advanced levels, organisations need to show commitment and action in keeping children and young people safe. The tiered standards give parents, staff and volunteers confidence that the overall sporting experience for young people is being actively monitored, and that safety and welfare issues are taken seriously.

The Architecture of the Library of Congress Essay -- Architectural Str

The Architecture of the Library of Congress Constructed between 1888 and 1897, the Library of Congress is located in Washington, D.C. at the intersection of 1st St. and Independance Avenue. It's beautiful, large-scale building is comprised mainly of marble, granite, iron, and bronze. The Library's architectural style is reminiscent of that of ancient Greece. It's typical Greek characteristics include columns of the Ionic order, relief sculpture, and statues of Greek god figures, such as Poseidon, god of the sea. These attributes are significantly comparable to those of the altar of Pergamon located in present day Turkey. Housing thousands of books, music, and art collections, the Library of Congress contains numerous reading rooms used by the public people. It is not restricted to use by special officials, but welcomes everybody as it was constructed specifically to serve as the American national library. The present Library of Congress had a difficult time getting started in its early stages. Originally located in the United States Capitol building between 1806 and 1814(U.S. Government, 1), a fire caused the Library to be relocated to a temporary hotel location. Soon it was replaced into the north wing of the Capitol, and then into the center of the west front (U.S. Government, 2). Unfortunately, another disastrous fire burned the Library and yet again it had to be repaired. The Librarian of Congress at this time in 1865, Ainsworth Rand Spofford, realized the Library was expanding to the point where it would soon need it's own separate building from the Capitol. He drew up an architectural plan in 1872 and presented it to Congress who authorized it. The new structure, named the Jefferson Building, was elaborately deco... ...nce is that the Library of Congress celebrates mental values while the altar of Pergamon celebrates physical values. The architecture of the Library of Congress expresses a modern presence of the past. It's similarities to the altar of Pergamon lie in physical appearances and in deeper meanings. Both reflect the beauty of Greek architecture and the values of the people who designed them. Bibliography Schwartz, Nancy B. District of Columbia Catalog. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1995. United States Government. "Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress." http://lcweb.loc.gov/loc/legacy/bldgs.html. (1996): 1-12. Allen, William C. The Dome of the United States Capitol: An Architectural History. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.